Pretty darn good questions galina
I've often wondered about the bacteria in a bag or bacteria in a bottle staying alive for long periods of time on the shelf - with no oxygen or food sources. I asked someone that I trust at a very large coral propagation and saltwater store in southern Michigan that question last weekend.
He said that bacteria can go dorment - and survive great lengths without food or oxygen. Live sand in a bag - he said was not his preferred way to go - that there are other ways to get your hands on good live sand - that has recently been harvested from the sea, or from a large live sand production tank - that will have tons more "living" active bacteria present. He even went so far as to say that much of the bacteria in "bagged" live sand with 2 year expiration dates is dead and will never come back to life. His words not mine
The stuff in a bottle - well he sort of shrugged his shoulders like the rest of us and said "who really knows for sure".
I know this doesn't really answer your question, and I'm still not convinced either, but it sounded like a possible answer for now. Or at least one persons viewpoint.
Same for a tank with substrate, bacteria and no fish or waste producers. I'd imagine that the tank would go somewhat dorment until waste was reintroduced for the bacteria to start doing what they do. Converting nitrogen compounds to other forms. But if up and running - it at least seems that these bacteria would have a supply of oxygen, and sufficient food sources in the water and substrate to continue to live and reproduce for some length of time.
I dunno - sounds possible - but I am certainly no expert on bacteria and microrganisms.
Any one out there no for sure about bacteria going "dorment" ??? Or heard such a thing ???