Q1: I'm not a geologist, and can not accurately defend such a question. However, I know that Hutton was only the first person to come up with the theory of a geologic time scale. He proposed a school of thought called uniformitarianism, which means that basic physics and chemistry has acted upon the Earth since it's creation, and in that time, physical and chemical forces have acted upon the face of the Earth causing change. His work has actually been built upon by several other scientists and naturalists, including Playfair, Lyell and Darwin. The Hutton view of the geologic time scale was way too long, but since observation (Ex: Niagra Falls studies of erosion.) and other studies, we have come to know a lot more accurate time period in which things have occurred.
Q2: Science is not common sense. Science is always open to questions, and not set in it's ways. Let me get that clear. Macroevolution - there's a lot of ways to discuss it. Would you like to go into speciation, genetics, phylogeny? Look at the example of the evolution of a whale. It's perhaps one of the most well documented macroevolution in the geologic time scale. What was once a four legged mammal living on land, lived close to the sea and over time genes were selected for ocean-dwelling and less for land-dwelling. You can clearly see the changes through time if you care to research it. Macroevolution takes a very long time - from getting a horse like creature to look like a whale. It's not like a horse gives birth to a whale... A species in and of it'self is just that, a species. Humans are not apes, but cousins to apes. Species, over time, through speciation, and natural selection, and countless broods, can give rise to a new species.
Q3: I am not a chemist or a mathematician, nor am I versed in this field of Science. Do you want a specific date, 6001 years ago? Carbon dating is a simple question of math. Carbon 14 has a certain half life. (I looked it up, it's 5,730 years, +-40.) There are other isotopes out there that also have specific half lives - which is part of Radiometric dating. Radiometric dating is actually what is used to determine geologic time scales. Radometric dating has a standard deviation of a few thousand years, but when your looking at things that date back millions, or hundreds of millions of years old, that's pretty accurate. As I said, it's a simple question of math. However, scientists can not say that a rock was formed January 17th, 3,482,294,213BC.
Q4: Excuse me, did you just put these two words together: Creation Scientists? Boy, that's an oxymoron if I ever heard one. This is just what a student said to me a long time ago when I was being taught at a Christian High School. Again, please read and actually understand in context what is being said.You must be a liberal? As for the question, I'm not going to entertain it.
Q5: I'm familiar with Lucy, but I can not answer the question definitively. However, oldest or not, there are still MANY authentic cases of human evolution out there. Australopithecus africanensus, Homo habilis, H. erectus, H rudolfensis, neanderthals, and so on. By basic science, scientific methods, radiocarbon dating, and anthropology, you can clearly see distinctions and gradual differences of specimens that have evolved into what we are today.
Scientists think all the time. Gravity was thought up by Newton, but he didn't invent it. He put a name to a natural force in the world. Einstein came up with the theory of relativity to explain some of the physics of our world and the universe. I'm pretty sure, I think 2+2=4, but if the liberals have anything to do with Common Core, 2+2 can equal 5 as long as a student can accurately explain how they reached that conclusion. Scientists think, hypothesize, experiment, test, observe, test again, observe some more - Science is for tinkerers, for those people who are constantly curious about the world and the things around them. They don't hide behind religion to explain things that they themselves can't understand, they try to go out and seek the forces behind those actions. If you ever have a heart attack, don't thank the doctors, the nurses, the chemists, the biochemists, the scientists for saving your life... thank God, right?
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