Yes, it actually is possible for a snail to lose it's shell for various reasons. Given a LOT of time they can even regrow it but typically they are quickly eaten without their protection.
That said, the animal in your picture appears to be the Sea Slug Oxynoe antillarum. They are normally only found on Caulerpa.
When Hermit Crabs steal shells from Snails they almost always eat the Snail.