A fuge (short for refugium) is a plumed part attached to the main tank that will hold macro algea (plants). Then the macro algea absorbs all the nitrates as they grow.
R/O is reverse osmosis. You can buy your own R/O unit to filter tap water to clean it and use if for your tank, or your LFS probably sells premade water for like $1 a gallon.
Then a DSB is a deep sand bed. Not too familiar with it, but I think it helps a lot to reduce the nitrates.
I use the plenum system. It has an empty space of water with no current, and all the nitrates goes down there and stays there.
You can do a search for refugium, macro algea, DSB, and plenum for more info.