Color or colour (see
spelling differences) is the
visual perceptual property corresponding in
humans to the categories called
red, green, blue and others.
-our, -or
Most words ending in an unstressed -our in British English (e.g. colour, flavour, honour, ial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:neighbour">neighbour,
rumour, labour, humour) end in -or in American English (cf. color, flavor, honor,neighbor, rumor, tion: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:labor">labor,
humor). Wherever the vowel is unreduced in pronunciation, this does not occur: e.g. contour, velour, paramour and troubadour are spelt thus the same everywhere.
Most words of this category derive from Latin non-agent nouns having nominative -or; the first such borrowings into English were from early Old French and the ending was -or or -ur.="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[4]After the
Norman Conquest, the ending became
-our in Anglo-French in an attempt to represent the Old French pronunciation of words ending in -or,[sup][5] though color has been used occasionally in English since the 15th century.[sup][6][/sup] The -our ending was not only retained in English borrowings from Anglo-French, but also applied to earlier French borrowings.[4][/sup] After the Renaissance, some such borrowings from Latin were taken up with their original -or ending; many words once ending in -our (for example, chancellour and governour) now end in
-or everywhere. Many words of the -our/-or group do not have a Latin counterpart; for example, armo(u)r, behavio(u)r, harbo(u)r, neighbo(u)r; also arbo(u)r meaning "shelter", though senses "tree" and "tool" are always arbor, a false cognate of the other word. Some 16th- and early 17th-century British scholars indeed insisted that -or be used for words of Latin origin (e.g. color[sup][6]) and -our for French loans; but in many cases the etymology was not completely clear, and therefore some scholars advocated -or only and others -our only.[7][/sup]
Webster's 1828 dictionary featured only -or and is generally given much of the credit for the adoption of this form in the United States. By contrast, Dr Johnson's 1755 dictionary used the -our spelling for all words still so spelt in Britain, and others where the u has since been dropped: ambassadour, emperour, governour, perturbatour; inferiour, superiour; errour,horrour, mirrour, tenour, terrour, tremour. Johnson, unlike Webster, was not an advocate of spelling reform, but selected the version best-derived, as he saw it, from among the variations in his sources: he favo(u)red French over Latin spellings because, as he put it, "the French generally supplied us".kground-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[8] Those English speakers who began to move across the Atlantic would have taken these habits with them and
H L Mencken makes the point that, "
honor appears in the Declaration of Independence, but it seems to have got there rather by accident than by design. In Jefferson's original draft it is spelt honour."[sup][9][/sup] Examples such as color, flavor, behavior, harbor and r: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:neighbor">neighbor scarcely appear in the Old Bailey's court records from the 17th and 18th century, whereas examples of their
-our counterparts are numbered in thousands.[sup][10] One notable exception is honor. Honor and honour were equally frequent until the 17th century;[11][/sup] Honor still is, in the UK, the normal spelling as a person's name.
Derivatives and inflected forms
In derivatives and inflected forms of the -our/or words, in British usage, the u is kept before English suffixes that are freely attachable to English words (neighbourhood, humourless,savoury) and suffixes of Greek or Latin origin that have been naturalised (adding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; " title="wikt:favourite">favourite,
honourable, behaviourism); before Latin suffixes that are not freely attachable to English words, theu may be dropped (honorific, honorist, vigorous, humorous, laborious, invigorate), may be either dropped or retained (colo(u)ration, colo(u)rise), or may be retained (span lang="en-GB" xml:lang="en-GB">
colourist).[sup]
[4][/sup] In American usage, derivatives and inflected forms are built by simply adding the suffix in all environments (
favorite, savory etc.) since the u is absent to begin with.