Age, Size, Lifespan:
Most hard clams become reproductively active at approximately 1 year of age (Loosanoff 1936, 1942) and will continue to produce broods throughout their lives, with no reproductive senescence observed (Walker and Hefferman, 1996). Owing to their commercial importance, the typical lifespan of Mercenaria is approximately between 4 and 8 years of age, the peak of their commercial marketability. At this age, most hard clams measure between 2 - 4 inches, which places them in the littleneck (2.0 - 2.9 inch) and cherrystone (3.0 - 4.0 inch) categories. Those hard clams which grow above 4.0 inches are termed chowders or quahogs (Busby, 1986). The natural lifespan of Mercenaria is generally unknown; however, counts of growth rings indicate that the hard clam, in the absence of predation or commercial exploitation, may live as long as 40 years. Growth has been observed to cease after the age of 15 years, with annual growth at this age slowed to approximately 1mm per year (Loesch, and Haven, 1973).
Size classes for Mercenaria mercenaria have been designated as follows to standardize commercial conventions: Seed clams: < 1"; Beans: 1.0 - 1.5 "; Buttons: 1.5 - 2.0"; Littlenecks: 2.0 - 2.5"; Topnecks: 2.5 - 3.0"; Cherrystones: 3.0 - 4.0"; Chowders: >4.0".
Local variations in growth rates are extreme throughout the entire geographic range, and seasonal differences in growth also occur (Ansell, 1968). In northern areas of the geographic range, growth in M. mercenaria occurs only during the summer when water temperatures approach 20 °C, the optimum growth temperature for this species. During winter, growth ceases altogether in water temperatures below 5 - 6 °C. In southern areas of the range, growth is more continuous. For example, in South Carolina and Georgia, hard clam growth is rapid in fall and spring, tends to slow throughout the winter months, and is slowest during the summer. Mercenaria in Florida may have growth rates 3 times those for Mercenaria in more northern waters (Barile et al., 1986)
Water temperature sets the limits for growth; however other factors, such as food availability and degree of crowding also influence growth rates. Crenshaw et al., 1996 showed that hard clams reared at high densities (>360 per square foot) tended to take longer to reach the same size as those reared under more moderate (~30 per square foot) conditions.