the main thing w/ t5 lighting is the size of the bulb and good reflector... rough breakdown..
t5 ho = t5 ( bulbs size .. t5 is about 1/2 inch diam bulb.. t8 are about 3/4 inch bulb.. t12 is about 1 1/4 inch diam) then HO = high output.. ( as in stronger than normal .. but more!! )
now the more technical stuff..
imagin a bulb laying horizontally and lit.. not.. only 180 deg of that bulb is actually shining downward.. and 180 is seeming wasted.. ( if this bulb is hung over out tank ) with GOOD.. reflreactors.. this 'wasted' 180 degree of light can be re-directed to when it can be of use.. so now..w/ good reflectors.. you get 240 degree of light used.. now.. this is when the bulb size come in.. since the bulb is soo small.. it dont block much of the reflected light when it is shone back down.. ( to easily understand this.. imagin the bulb itself is the GOOD reflector.. not with your index finger, hold it under the bulb.. you index finger is now the bulb.. see how the your finger blocks the light the reflector is reflecting?? (remember.. the real bulb is the reflector now.. and you finger is the make-believe bulb) thats the simple break down of t5 ho.. and that reflector part go's for every type of lighting.. mh, pc, ect... just that t5 really takes advantage of them..
you will hear/read that good reflectors make the light 300 x brighter .. reason for this is that water is reflective too.. if light is shone on it at more than 45 degree angel.. it will reflect most of it off at the same angle that hit it ( yes.. i said most.. some actually make in to the tank) so a 45 + 45 = 90 degree.. which means right out of our tank..