the first is cyano bactera (aka, red slime algae). It doesnt do too much except use oxygen levels. there are many causese for it, but the most important is high nutrient levels, especialy phosphates and such. You can lower your nutrient levels, add a protein skimmer, feed less, make sure your bulbs arent TOO old, and make sure your tank ist overstocked to help to get rid of it. it uses up nutrients in your tank. Which means your tank cannot handle all the bioload. more proof of such a thing is:
#2. a q-tip spounge. Just feed on excess nutrients and organics. to get rid of the two above, more regular water changes might help. or if you aalready are, then lowing the nutrients in your system by not overfeeding or selling a few fish.
#3 . yup. a large button polyp. looks like a protopalythoa